It was well established in meaning in 1679 ..." (Frondel, C., 1962, The System of Mineralogy, v. 3, John Wiley & Sons, p. Chert is a chemical sedimentary rock that seems like it could be considered organic at times. Eugster, H.P. As chert nodules or concretions grow within a sediment mass, their growth can incorporate significant amounts of the surrounding sediment as inclusions. Mizutani, S. (1970) Silica minerals in the early stage of diagenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 33, 273-288. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 222-235. Chert. As chert nodules or concretions grow within a sediment mass, their growth can incorporate significant amounts of the surrounding sediment as inclusions. Sedimentology 24, 75-105. This is a list of the 118 chemical elements which have been identified as of 2021. What is Calcitic? The first studied and identified moganite specimens were collected near Mogan in the Canary Islands off the northwest coast of Africa. Note the piece of chert (flint) in the hammer. Chert is a hard and compact sedimentary rock, consisting dominantly of very small quartz crystals. Knauth, L.P. (1994) Petrogenesis of chert. It is highly resistant to both mechanical and chemical weathering. Chert, also known as flint, is a silica-rich sedimentary rock. Gray chert in tan limestone in Chase County. Chert - Compact form of Chalcedony typically found as nodule s in sedimentary rock s, usually with an off-white, gray, or cream color. If the clasts accumulate near the outcrop and form into a rock, that rock will have angular pieces and be a breccia. Formula: CaMg(CO 3) 2. Because it is hard and may be modified to produce sharp cutting edges, it was once widely used to produce projectile points (e.g., arrowheads) and other cutting and scraping tools. Its physical properties are those of quartz, but it contains more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other variety of quartz, and experts believe that its colour arises Chlorite minerals are found in rocks altered during deep burial, plate collisions, hydrothermal activity, or contact metamorphism. Agates are identical in chemical structure to jasper, flint, chert, bloodstone, and tiger-eye, and are often found in association with opal. It has the same chemical composition of quartz, bearing the chemical formula SiO2, however it forms in the monoclinic system as opposed to the hexagonal system of quartz. Smith, W.E. These are some of the oldest underground mining operations ever discovered. Flintlock: A close-up of the lock of a flintlock rifle, a weapon of the 18th century used in the Revolutionary War. Both are varieties of chalcedony. Specific Gravity: 2.84 - 2.86. Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. Moganite is the unofficial name for a microcrystalline polymorph of quartz that was first identified in 1994. The heat from this spark can be used to start fires. Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports and Publications 72, 443-447. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 61, 129-140. Although they have the same chemical formula as goethite, their different crystalline structures make them distinct minerals. Chert is a rather drab-looking gem, being opaque and light brown to gray in color. Continuous color gradients exist between white and black or between cream and brown. Commonly called flint, chert is a fine-grained, noncrystalline sedimentary rock made up of silicon dioxide (SiO 2). Chert can be a chemical sedimentary rock, often forming as beds within limestone (Figure 9.15), or as irregular lenses or blobs (nodules). Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): A type of chert, flint, shown with a lighter weathered crust. Chert breaks with a conchoidal fracture, often producing very sharp edges. It was a precious commodity that early people traded and transported long distances. If the nodules or concretions are numerous, they can grow large enough to merge with one another to form a nearly continuous layer of chert within the sediment mass. The hematite-rich chert has been used as evidence of high levels of atmospheric oxygen in the early Archean. Chert Arrowhead: A chert (flint) arrowhead bound to a wooden arrow shaft with sinew. Erionite is one of the zeolite minerals, and has the formula Ca 3 K 2 Na 2 (Al 10 Si 26 O 72) 30H 2 O. Such formations occur on all the continents and usually are older than 1.7 billion Chemical Composition: A generalized formula: (X,Y) 4-6 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 (OH,O) 8 The "X" and "Y" in the formula represent ions, which might include: Fe +2, Fe +3, Mg +2, Mn +2, Ni +2, Zn +2, Al +3, Li +1, or Ti +4. Chemical symbols of elements in the chemical formula represent the elements present, and subscript numbers represent mole proportions of the proceeding elements. Chert Chert is a sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of silica (SiO 2), and can form in a variety of ways.Biochemical chert is formed when the siliceous skeletons of marine plankton are dissolved during diagenesis, with silica being precipitated from the resulting solution.Replacement chert forms when other material is replaced by silica, e.g. Chert layers are commonly found in eastern Kansas, occurring as irregular beds or rounded nodules within limestone formations. When these organisms die, their silica skeletons fall to the bottom, dissolve, recrystallize, and might become part of a chert nodule. General Hematite Information : Chemical Formula: Fe2O3 : Composition: Molecular Weight = 159.69 gm Iron 69.94 % Fe 100.00 % Fe 2 O 3: Oxygen 30.06 % O: 100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE Click the, Gray, white; black, brown and other colors due to staining, "Chert, perhaps originally chirt, is believed to be a local English term that was taken into geological use. Composition: Molecular Weight = 60.08 gm. Note that no subscript number means a subscript of 1. Dolomite's chemical formula is CaMg(CO 3) 2. As you would expect chert usage reflects the physical and chemical properties for the various types of chert. Eastmead 2013. Pisciotto, K.A. (1952) A study of the texture and composition of chert. Bustillo, M.A., Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A. Ash: unconsolidated fragments under 4 mm Tuff: consolidated ash Volcanic Breccia: angular fragments over 4 mm. The Arkansas Novaculite Formation has become world famous as a source of high-quality sharpening stones and novaculite abrasive products. Maliva, R.G., Siever, R. (1989) Chertification histories of some Late Mesozoic and Middle Paleozoic platform carbonates. (1977) Chertification in the Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Compton, J.S (1991) Origin and diagenesis of clay minerals in the Monterey Formation, Santa Maria Basin area, California. These inclusions can impart a distinctive color to the chert. Colour: Colourless, white, gray, reddish-white, brownish-white, or pink; colourless in transmitted light . The name "jasper" is frequently used for these reddish cherts. (1981) Chert Petrology and Geochemistry, Mid-Pacific Mountains and Hess Rise, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 17, 255-274. (1999) The nature of crystalline silica from the TAG submarine hydrothermal mound, 26°N Mid Atlantic Ridge. Continuous color gradients exist between white and black or between cream and brown. Quartz or silica is composed of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), the two most abundant elements in the crust of the Earth (with \(SiO_2\) chemical formula). Group name for Na, Ca feldspars. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, 835-845. Aluminium Oxide, CaO, Iron(III) Oxide, FeO, Potassium Oxide, MgO, MnO, Sodium Oxide, Phosphorus Pentoxide, Silicon Dioxide, Titanium Dioxide. Chert, another commonly found chemical sedimentary rock, is usually produced from silica (SiO 2) precipitated from groundwater. As visible crystals, Quartz is one of the more common rock forming minerals. Chert: This specimen of gray chert is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Silica mineral, any of the forms of silicon dioxide (SiO2), including quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, lechatelierite, and chalcedony. Chert nodules, also known as geodes, are commonly found in limestones and less so in clastic sedimentary rocks. Silica is highly insoluble on the surface of Earth, which is why quartz is so resistant to chemical weathering. Oldershaw, A.E. Rocks that commonly contain abundant chlorite include greenschist, phyllite, chlorite schist, and greenstone. Chert can form when microcrystals of silicon dioxide grow within soft sediments that will become limestone or chalk. Cady, S.L., Wenk, H.-R., Downing, K.H. The gray material in the middle is the chert (microcrystalline quartz - SiO 2). This is an interbedded lacustrine chemical chert & erionite siltstone. Chert has very few uses today; however, it was a very important tool-making material in the past. Edges of the piece have sharp edges as a result of the conchoidal fracture. Clay and Clay Minerals 39, 449-466. Chert is a rather drab-looking gem, being opaque and light brown to gray in color. Chert is a microcrystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2). "Chert" and "flint" are names used for the same material. It occurs as nodules, concretionary masses, and as layered deposits. It is, however, often used in the construction of roadways. ), flint, porcelanite, and novaculite. IMA Status: Not Approved IMA : Locality: Common world wide occurrences. Cherts occur in a variety of geological settings, for example: - Bedded cherts may form by compaction and recrystallization of silica-rich biogenic sediments made of opaline tests of single-cell organisms (diatoms, radiolaria) or remains of silicious sponges, both in marine and in lake environments. (2005) Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology. The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO 4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO 2.Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar. Albite and Anorthite are the end members of the series, with the intermediary minerals Oligoclase, Andesine, Labradorite, and Bytownite. The name chert may be of more recent origin than flint, and unlike flint, is not found in literary usage. After intraarterial injection of one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (10 mg/kg) to trout, chemical concentration in the blood was found to decline triphasically with time. The chert formation can be either of chemical or biological origin. Image copyright iStockphoto / Kakupacal. The best way to learn about rocks is to have specimens available for testing and examination. Minable deposits are determined at some stage in the world. Calcite is a rock-forming mineral with a chemical formula of CaCO 3 . Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). ADVERTISEMENT. The name "flint" is often used in reference to the darker colors of chert. Gray chert in tan limestone in Chase County. For this, the empirical formula is MgCO3. Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports and Publications 62, 711-748. Sedimentology 15, 419-436. Chert Breccia: The angular clasts in this breccia are chert fragments. 223.) Abundant organic material can produce gray or black chert. Gutzmer, J., Pack, A., Lüders, V., Wilkinson, J.J., Beukes, N.J., van Niekerk, H.S. Chert layers are commonly found in eastern Kansas, occurring as irregular beds or rounded nodules within limestone formations. ), a silica mineral with minor impurities. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 142, 27-42. 2) SiO2 is the simplest silica formula (silicon dioxide). Chert is a variety of quartz with the standard chemical formula of SiO 2. (1971) Composition and origin of North Atlantic deep sea cherts. (1973) Chert and Silica Diagenesis in Sediments from the Central Pacific. For example, limestone is made up almost entirely of fragments of marine [1] organisms that manufacture calcite for their shells and other hard parts, and most chert includes at least some of the silica tests (shells) of tiny marine organisms (such as diatoms and radiolaria). The toxicokinetics and bioavailabilities of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), fluorene and pyrene were studied in rainbow trout (/Oncorhynchus mykiss/) implanted with an indwelling cannula in the dorsal aorta. Actually chert is really a sedimentary rock composed of primarily SiO2. 223.). Ca can exist in excess of up to 0.25 apfu in non-stoichiometric dolomite (Nascimento dos Santos et al., 2017). Obsidian Chemical Formula: SiO 2 The Formation of Chert Chert will form in carbonate type rocks, whish is a type of sedimentary rock, as nodules or larger masses. Sugitani, K., Yamamoto, K., Adachi, M., Kawabe, I., Sugisaki, R. (1998) Archean cherts derived from chemical, biogenic and clastic sedimentation in a shallow restricted basin: examples from the Gorge Creek Group in the Pilbara Block. The edges of broken chert are sharp and tend to retain their sharpness because chert is a very hard and very durable rock. Cherts. Thousands of years ago people discovered these properties of chert and learned how to intentionally break it to produce cutting tools such as knife blades, arrowheads, scrapers, and ax heads. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137, 342-350. Link to MinDat .org Location Data. Geologie en Mijnbouw 50, 9-28. In some parts of the ocean and in shallow seas, large numbers of diatoms and radiolarians live in the water. Crystal System: Trigonal. The pale greenish layers are the erionite siltstone. In: Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol.29, Silica - Physical behavior, geochemistry and materials applications, Mineralogical Society of America. Chert. Earth-Science Reviews 26, 253-284. As early as 8000 BC, the people of what are now England and France dug shafts up to 300 feet deep into layers of soft chalk to mine chert nodules. (1969) Inorganic bedded cherts from the Magadi area, Kenya. Specimen of chert with some pinkish red inclusions. Some sponges also produce "spicules" that are composed of silica. Hardness: 3½ - 4. It is a sedimentary rock that is associated with the similar mineral flint. Chert (varieties of which are flint, agate, and jasper) is a hard, glassy sedimentary rock composed of silica that precipitated from water. Amethyst, a transparent, coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz that is valued as a semiprecious gem for its violet colour. It may be of onomatopoeic origin. It is ubiquitous, ample and durable. Captopril competitively inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby decreasing levels of angiotensin II, increasing plasma renin activity, and decreasing aldosterone secretion. (1968) Electron-microscopic examination of namurian bedded cherts, North Wales (Great Britain). It was well established in meaning in 1679 ..." (Frondel, C., 1962, The System of Mineralogy, v. 3, John Wiley & Sons, p. It has the same chemical formula as quartz, but is cryptocrystalline, meaning that the quartz crystals comprising chert are so small that it is difficult to see them even under a microscope. American Journal of Science 250, 498-510. Chemical and organic sedimentary rocks are those that are precipitated from chemicals that are dissolved in water or are produced by the activities of organisms, or the accumulation of their remains. (1983) Cherts from the Rio Grande Rise Sediments, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 72, Hole 516F. In these sediments, enormous numbers of silicon dioxide microcrystals grow into irregularly-shaped nodules or concretions when dissolved silica is transported to the formation site by the movement of groundwater. Chert is a sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2). (The mineral quartz has the same chemical formula.) Chert nodules, also known as geodes, are commonly found in limestones and less so in ... That means two water molecules included for its chemical formula. 92 relations. Oxygen 53.26 % O. Basically they have the same chemical formula. "Chert, perhaps originally chirt, is believed to be a local English term that was taken into geological use. (1981) Diagenetic trends in the siliceous facies of the Monterey Shale in the Santa Maria region, California. It is a common metamorphic mineral in metamorphic belts of the western United States, Western Alps, and in the Himalayan region. Chert. Image by NASA Astrobiological Institute. Early people took advantage of how chert breaks and used it to fashion cutting tools and weapons. Non-essential minerals - these minerals are common, sometimes major components, but are not always present: Folk, R.L., Weaver, C.E. 5.2.2 Compound Content. Name … The name chert may be of more recent origin than flint, and unlike flint, is not found in literary usage. Chert (also known as flint) is a rock that is often formed from the skeletons of microorganisms and sponges that make their skeletons out of SiO₂. Riech, V. (1981) Siliceous sediments from the Nauru basin: Diagenetic alteration of biogenic opal and authigenesis of silica and silicates. Mineralium Deposita 38, 625-639. The most common form of calcium carbonate, calcite is known for the variety and beautiful development of its crystals. It breaks with a smooth conchoidal fracture. ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K) 0000887: Hyalophane: Viswanathan K, Kielhorn H M (1983) Al,Si distribution in a ternary (Ba,K,Na)-feldspar as determined by crystal structure refinement Celsian-rich American Mineralogist 68 122-124 … But in terms … A variety of metamorphosed chert known as "novaculite" has a porous, even texture that makes it useful as a sharpening stone. Chert is a microcrystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2). Cherts. It can contain remains of what is called siliceous ooze, or very small organic ocean life remains. Chert formed in this manner is a chemical sedimentary rock. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 22, 1-31. Biochemical chert is formed when the siliceous skeletons of marine plankton are dissolved during diagenesis, with silica being precipitated from the resulting solution. Sedimentology 28, 547-571. Its physical properties are those of quartz, but it contains more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other variety of quartz, and experts believe that its colour arises Chert is used to start fires in the same way that flint is used. Amethyst, a transparent, coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz that is valued as a semiprecious gem for its violet colour. Palaios 4, 519-532. Madsen, H.B., Stemmerik, L. (2010) Diagenesis of flint and porcellanite in the Maastrichtian chalk at Stevns Klint, Denmark. The matrix is an iron-stained mix of clay- through sand-size particles. Chert can be a chemical sedimentary rock, often forming as beds within limestone (Figure 9.14), or as irregular lenses or blobs (nodules). Geologie en Mijnbouw 39e, 1-8. Page generated: January 11, 2021 13:36:04, Pices Fanes, Mareo, Puster Valley District, South Tyrol, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy, Dyke Park, Stamford, Fairfield County, Connecticut, USA, Novaculite is a uniform, fine-grained hard rock mostly composed of extremely fine-grained to cryptocrystalline quartz. What is Breccia? Tendency to chemical cement. Sedimentology 34, 611-621. Agglomerate: large proportion (>25%) of bombs These rocks are classified on the proportions of vitric, crystal (mineral), or lithic material they contain, for example, "vitric lithic ash," or "crystal vitric tuff." In the source area, chemical and physical weathering act upon the rock, causing it to break or disintegrate into smaller pieces. Rosière, C.A., Chemale Jr., F. (2000) Brazilian iron formations and their geological setting. General Dolomite Information : Chemical Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 : Composition: Molecular Weight = 184.40 gm Calcium 21.73 % Ca 30.41 % CaO: Magnesium 13.18 % Mg 21.86 % MgO: Carbon 13.03 % C 47.73 % CO 2: Oxygen 52.06 % O: 100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE Revista Brasiliera de Geosciências 30, 274-278. Some of the silicon dioxide in chert is thought to have a biological origin. It may be white, gray, or black due to impurities. 100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE. The colorful, banded rocks are used as a semiprecious gemstone and for making mortars and pestles. American Mineralogist 81, 1380-1395. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 16: 649-658. Chert is used to start fires in the same way that flint is used. It occurs in siliceous igneous rocks such as volcanic rhyolite and plutonic granitic rocks. The darker colors often result from inclusions of mineral matter and organic matter. Hesse, R. (1989) Silica Diagenesis: Origin of Inorganic and Replacement Cherts. (1987) Chert occurrences in carbonate turbidites: examples from the Upper Jurassic of the Betic Mountains (southern Spain). Chemical formulae provide insight into the chemical composition of a compound. Lancelot, Y. The specimen is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Calvert, S.E. Fischer, W.W., Knoll, A.H. (2008) An iron shuttle for deepwater silica in Late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic iron formation. Chert quarrying in Arkengarthdale has been described by Tyson ... Minerals are pure and can always be represented by a chemical formula and have a crystalline structure, ... ©S. Chert is made of silica (SiO 2). Meyers, W.J. Chert (varieties of which are flint, agate, and jasper) is a hard, glassy sedimentary rock composed of silica that precipitated from water. When quartz is pure in composition, it is entirely devoid of color and almost water-clean in its limpidity. The composition and physical properties of chlorites vary as these ions substitute for one another in solid solution. Tons of chert fragments have been found at locations where these objects were produced in what was one of the earliest manufacturing activities of people. Dolomite's chemical formula is CaMg(CO 3) 2. (2003) Bedded jaspers of the Ordovician Løkken ophiolite, Norway: seafloor deposition and diagenetic maturation of hydrothermal plume-derived silica-iron gels. ). These inclusions can impart a distinctive color to the chert. Hopkinson, L., Roberts, S., Herrington, R., Wilkinson, J. (1960) The silicious constituents of chert. Facies 10, 257-290. Marble Bar Chert: Outcrop of the 3.4 Ga Marble Bar Chert, Pilbara Craton, Australia. Crystal System : Monoclinic: Uses: Very few industrial uses. Chert - Compact form of Chalcedony typically found as nodule s in sedimentary rock s, usually with an off-white, gray, or cream color. Rock & Mineral Kits: Get a rock, mineral, or fossil kit to learn more about Earth materials. Maliva, R.G., Knoll, A.H, Simonson, B.M. Maliva, R.G., Knoll, A.H., Siever, R. (1989) Secular change in chert distribution: A reflection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle. Commonly called flint, chert is a fine-grained, noncrystalline sedimentary rock made up of silicon dioxide (SiO 2). (1968) Chert and its sodium-silicate precursors in sodium-carbonate lakes of East Africa. This durability makes it the dominant mineral of mountaintops and the primary constituent of seaside, river, and wilderness sand. Current server date and time: February 13, 2021 19:03:08 It is a sedimentary rock that is associated with the similar mineral flint. The most common form of calcium carbonate, calcite is known for the variety and beautiful development of its crystals. Chert occurs in a wide variety of colors. Chert formed in this way could be considered a biological sedimentary rock. Captopril is a sulfhydryl-containing analog of proline with antihypertensive activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Limonite is scientifically not considered a true mineral as it lacks a definitive chemical formula and crystal structure. Green, yellow, orange, and red cherts are also common. It is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. Chemical formulae can also be employed to represent ions, free radicals and other chemical species. The Plagioclase series is a group of related feldspar minerals that essentially have the same formula but vary in their percentage of sodium and calcium. They also represent the ratios in which the constituent elements combine to form the compound. The darker colors often result from inclusions of mineral matter and organ… These pieces are usually subangular to angular. It is also found as microcrystalline masses, such as in the rock chert, and as fibrous masses, such as in chalcedony. Not Available. (1969) An experimental study of the recrystallization of porcelanite and its bearing on the origin of some bedded cherts. However, all mineral reference guides list it together with other minerals. Although technically Chert is classified as a rock due to its composition of other mineral impurities , it most often is regarded as a variety of Chalcedony. American Journal of Science 267-A, 114-133. They are also found as retrograde minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been weathered. Chert is a sedimentary rock consisting almost entirely of silica (SiO 2 ), and can form in a variety of ways. Chert is a chemical sedimentary rock that seems like it could be considered organic at times. Image copyright iStockphoto / Brian Brockman. Lustre: Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Pearly. Chert can be a chemical sedimentary rock, often forming as beds within limestone (Figure 9.15 ), or as irregular lenses or blobs (nodules). Chemical formulas such as HClO4 can be divided into empirical formula, molecular formula, and structural formula. Levitan, M.A., Strizhov, V.P., Schevtchenko, A.Y. These chert cabochons are examples. Several varieties are included under the general term chert: jasper, chalcedony, agate (qq.v. Banded-iron formation (BIF), chemically precipitated sediment, typically thin bedded or laminated, consisting of 15 percent or more iron of sedimentary origin and layers of chert, chalcedony, jasper, or quartz. (The mineral quartz has the same chemical formula.) Chert is not found everywhere. Hay, R.L. It is opaque to translucent, with colors ranging from green to whitish gray. Feroxyhyte and lepidocrocite are both polymorphs of the iron oxyhydroxide FeO (OH) which are stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earth's surface. Silicon 46.74 % Si 100.00 % SiO 2. It is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. 9.2.2 Chert. Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports and Publications 17, 377-405. Mizutani, S. (1977) Progressive ordering of cristobalitic silica in the early stage of diagenesis. Hein, J.R., Vallier, T.L, Allan, M.A.
Jojoba Oil For Pubic Hair, What Are Squatters Rights Uk, Tina Gayle Hernandez Now, Spicy Parsnip Soup Recipe, Minty Fresh Breath Wow, Homemade Hot Cocoa Recipe, 2006 Fender Stratocaster Mim, Tik Tok Shmemmmy, Poe Assailum Build, Candied Papaya Recipe, Euphrates In The Bible,